Reference

Bibliography

“An Improved Calculating Machine.” Scientific American, 27 October 1888, p. 265. (An article on Felt’s Comptometer.)

Austrian, Geoffrey D. Herman Hollerith: Forgotten Giant of Information Processing. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.

Broadbent, T. A. A. “Russell, Bertrand.” Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 12, pp. 9-17.

“Burroughs, William Seward.” National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, vol. 27, pp. 383-384.

“Bush, Vannevar.” Current Biography, 1947, pp. 80-82.

Bush, Vannevar. Pieces of the Action. New York: William Morrow, 1970.

Cerruzi, Paul. Reckoners: The Prehistory of the Digital Computer, from Relays to the Stored Program Concept, 1935-1945. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983. (Sections on Howard Aiken and the Mark I, George Stibitz and the Bell Labs calculators, and ENIAC.)

Crossley, J. N., et al. What Is Mathematical Logic? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979.

Desmonde, William H., and Berkling, Klaus J. “The Zuse Z3: German Predecessor of the Mark 1.” Datamation 9 (September 1966): 30-31.

Eccles, W. H., and Jordan, F. W. “A Trigger Relay Utilizing Three-Electrode Thermionic Vacuum Tubes.” Radio Review, 1919. Reprinted in Swartzlander, Computer Design Development, pp. 298-300.

“Felt, Dorr Eugene.” National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, vol. 40, pp. 23-24.

Gardner, Martin. “Logic Machines.” Scientific American, March 1952, p. 68.

—. Logic Machines and Diagrams. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958.

Gore, John K. “Apparatus for Sorting Cards and Compiling Statistics.” U.S. Patent No. 518,240, 17 April 1894.

Hollerith, Herman. “An Electric Tabulating System.” 1889. In Randell, Origins of Digital Computers, pp. 133-143.

Hollerith, Virginia. “Biographical Sketch of Herman Hollerith.” Isis 62 (1971): 69-78.

Jevons, William Stanley. “Boole, George.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed., vol. 4, pp. 235-236.

Kelvin, William Thomson, 1st Baron. Mathematical and Physical Papers. 6 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911.

Lyndon, Roger C. “The Zuse Computer.” Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Calculation 2 (October 1947): 355-359.

Metropolis, N.; Howlett, J.; and Rota, Clan-Carlo, eds. A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. New York: Academic Press, 1980.

Paullin, Charles O. “Burroughs, William Seward.” Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 11,

supp. 1, pp. 138-139.

Pfeiffer, John E. “Symbolic Logic.” Scientific American, December 1950, p. 22.

Randell, Brian, ed. The Origins of Digital Computers. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982.

Schreyer, Helmut. “Technical Computing Machines.” 1939. In Randell, Origins of Digital Computers, pp. 170-173.

Spahr, G. W. “Store-Keeping by Machinery: A Description of the System in Operation at the Frog and Switch Department of the Pennsylvania Steel Co.” The Frog Shop Digest 3 (March 1912): 8-11. Photocopy. Bethlehem, Pa.: Public Relations Department, Bethlehem Steel Company, 1983.

Speiser, A. P. “The Relay Calculator Z4.” Annals 3 (July 1980): 242-245.

Swartzlander, Earl K, Jr. Computer Design Development: Principal Papers. Rochelle Park, N.Y.: Hayden Book Co., 1976.

Truesdell, Leon K The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census, 1890-1940. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965.

Turck, Joseph A. V. Origin of Modern Calculating Machines. 1921. Reprint. New York: Arno Press, 1972.

Venn, John. “Boole, George.” Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 5, pp. 369-370.

Willcox, Walter F. “Billings, John Shaw.” Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 266-269.

—. “Hollerith, Herman.” Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 11, supp. 1, pp. 415-416.

Wilson, Norman H. “Letter to H. R. Russell, Office Machines Research, Inc., 8 Nov. 1937, on Gore Sorter.” Photocopy. Newark, N.J.: Public Relations Department, Prudential Insurance Company of America, 1983.

Zuse, Konrad. “Method for Automatic Execution of Calculations with the Aid of Computers.”

1936. In Randell, Origins of Digital Computers, pp. 163-169.

—. “The Outline of a Computer Development from Mechanics to Electronics.” In Randell,

Origins of Digital Computers, pp. 175-190.

—. “Some Remarks on the History of Computing in Germany.” In Metropolis et al., A History of Computing, pp. 611-627.

 

Notes

69        “Herman Hollerith is a man”: Austrian, Herman Hollerith, p. 339.

“I was a student in civil engineering”: Zuse, “Some Remarks,” p. 611.

71        “One Sunday evening, at Dr. Billings’ ”: Truesdell, The Development of Punch Card Tabulation, p. 31.

73        “I was traveling in the West “: Austrian, Herman Hollerith, p. 15.

84        “brass for brain “: Kelvin, Papers, vol. 6, p. 272.

86        “I was trying to solve”: Bush, Pieces of the Action, p. 161.

91        “This is th e work of a real thinker”: Hyman, Charles Babbage, p. 244.

94        “In 1939, due to the perfectly private state “: Zuse, “Some Remarks,” p. 612.