C

Calculating Clock, 178, 27. See also Schickard’s Calculating Clock
Calculators

abacus as, 36
analog, 15, 856
automatic sequence-controlled (see Mark I [Harvard])
Boolean algebra and, 8990
card-programmed, 1901
complex number, 1013, 139
digital electronic, 1138 (see also ENIAC)
electric, 82
electromechanical (see Mark I [Harvard])
first mass-produced (see Arithmometer)
first operational general-purpose program-controlled, 957
high-speed electronic, 120
integrated circuit, 261
Kelvin’s, 846
keyboard, 812
key-driven, 81
Leibniz’s (see Stepped Reckoner)
meaning of term, 65
multiplication-table, 80
Pascal’s, 15, 2330
pinwheel, 79
program-controlled, 66, 1034, 1067 (see also Analytical Engine, ENIAC, Mark I)
relays in, 934
Schickard’s, 15, 1722
twelve-digit, 38
universal, 89
use of binary math in, 89
Zuse’s, 9297

Calculus, 30, 467, 83
Card puncher, 74
Card readers. See Punch cards
Caspar, Max, 20
Cathode ray tubes (CRT), in computers, 149151, 155
Cathode ray tube tester, 202
Census

data, tabulation for, 7072, 75
of 1880, 7073, 75
Hollerith’s system and, 768
UNIVAC and, 156, 162

Centralab, Inc., 2345
Central processing unit (CPU), 601, 140
Chip. See Integrated circuits
Church, Alonzo, 144
Circuits

amplifying, 2278
integrated (see Integrated circuits)
relay, 1001
scaling, 113
solid, 231

Clayton, Richard, 267
Clement, Joseph, 478, 501, 53
COBOL, 217
Colossus, 1468
Commodore, 275
Compiler

definition of, 214
FORTRAN, 2157

Comptometer, 812
Computerized defense network. See SAGE computer
Computer memories. See Memory: RAM; ROM
Computers

batch processing in, 2534
Boolean algebra and, 90, 92
branching and, 634
electronic discrete variable (see EDVAC)
electronic stored-program (see Mark I [Manchester])
first commercial U.S. (see UNIVAC)
first mass-produced (see IBM, specific computers, 650)
first sixteen-bit (see Whirlwind computer)
first transistorized, 230
five parts of, 65
history of (see Calculators, first mechanical)
IBM compatible, 248
integrated circuit, 245, 248, 2501
meaning of term, 65
military financing of, 1956
multiprocessing, 255
predecessor to modern (see Analytical Engine)
programming early, 21015
real-time (see Whirlwind computer)
thirty-two bit (see SAGE computer)
time-sharing, 255
See also Transistors

Computing Scale Company, 174, 177
Computing Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR), 78, 17381

change in name of, 181
firms of, 1745
from 1914-1917, 1758
training sales force for, 1789

Conditional jumps, 634, 95
Constant differences, method of, 4142
Control Data Corporation, 218, 220, 250, 258
CDC 7600, 250
Control Data 6600, 219

supercomputers and, 218

Counting boards, 5
Crawford, Perry, 197
Cromemco, 275
Cronkite, Walter, 163
CRT. See Cathode ray tube
CTR. See Computing Tabulating-Recording Company
Cyber 205, 221