P

Pantograph punch, 7374
Pascal, Blaise

background of, 2223
calculator and, 15, 2330
mystic hexagram of, 22
Pensees of, 23

Pascal, Etienne, 22, 24
Pascale. See Pascaline
Pascaline, 2430

counterfeit versions of, 2829
patent for, 29

Patents

ENIAC and, 15153, 220, 22223
integrated circuit diagrams in, 24243
rise in number of U.S., 69
Sperry-Rand, 220223

Patterson, John, 17073
PDP-1 computer, 25657
PDP-8 (programmed data processor) computer, 25658
Pender, Harold, 121, 15152
Personal computer, 251

Altair 8800, 27076
Apple II, 280
early development of, 266269
first commercial, 270
IBM PC, 28081
Mark-8, 269-70

Pertec Computer Corporation, 27576
Pfister, Johann, 18
Phase-shift oscillator, 233, 23637
Philco, 220, 239
Pidgen, Charles F., 75
Pilot ACE. See Automatic Computing Engine
Pinwheel calculator, 79
Planar transistors, 24144
Plessey Company, 231

pn junctions, 226, 228
integrated circuits and, 24243

Point-contact transistor, 22829
Popular Electronics, 26973, 275
Powers, James, 17577, 182
Printing molds, 59
Probability theory, 23
Processing. See Batch processing; Distributed processing; Multiprocessing
Processor Technology, 275
Program-controlled calculators. See Analytical Engine; ENIAC; Mark I (Harvard); Zuse’s calculators
Programmed Data Processor. See PDP-1 computer
Programming

early computer, 21015
ENIAC, 128, 130

Programming languages, high-level, 211
Programs

analytical engine, 6364
first concepts of stored, 13336

Project PX. See ENIAC
Project Tinkertoy, 23233
Prudential Insurance Company, 68. 161
Punch cards

early machine, 6364
Hollerith’s tabulation system and, 7274

Punch-card sorter, automatic, 78
Punch photograph, 73