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An Illustrated History of Computers

Stan Augarten

TICKNOR & FIELDS NEW YORK 1984

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted by the 1976

Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to Ticknor & Fields, 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, New York 10017.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Augarten, Stan.

Bit by bit.

Bibliography: p.

Includes index.

1. Computer s-History. I. Title.

QA76.17.A94 1984 621.3819 ‘5’09 84-2508

ISBN 0-89919-268-8

ISBN 0-89919-30 2-1 (pbk.)

K 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Acknowledgment is gratefully extended to the following:

Arthur W. Burks for excerpt on page 99 from his speech “Who Invented the General-Purpose Electronic Digital Computer?”

IBM Corporation for IBM song on page 69; for quotations of Thomas Watson, Sr., on page 167; for CTR song on page 179; and for IBM song on page 180.

W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., for excerpt on page 195 from Science for the Citizen by Lancelot Hogben. Published by W. W. Norton & Co. in 1957.

A course resource for the History of Mechanized Thought