Calculating Clock, 17–8, 27. See also Schickard’s Calculating Clock
Calculators

abacus as, 3–6
analog, 15, 85–6
automatic sequence-controlled (see Mark I [Harvard])
Boolean algebra and, 89–90
card-programmed, 190–1
complex number, 101–3, 139
digital electronic, 113–8 (see also ENIAC)
electric, 82
electromechanical (see Mark I [Harvard])
first mass-produced (see Arithmometer)
first operational general-purpose program-controlled, 95–7
high-speed electronic, 120
integrated circuit, 261
Kelvin’s, 84–6
keyboard, 81–2
key-driven, 81
Leibniz’s (see Stepped Reckoner)
meaning of term, 65
multiplication-table, 80
Pascal’s, 15, 23–30
pinwheel, 79
program-controlled, 66, 103–4, 106–7 (see also Analytical Engine, ENIAC, Mark I)
relays in, 93–4
Schickard’s, 15, 17–22
twelve-digit, 38
universal, 89
use of binary math in, 89
Zuse’s, 92–97

Calculus, 30, 46–7, 83
Card puncher, 74
Card readers. See Punch cards
Caspar, Max, 20
Cathode ray tubes (CRT), in computers, 149–151, 155
Cathode ray tube tester, 202
Census

data, tabulation for, 70–72, 75
of 1880, 70–73, 75
Hollerith’s system and, 76–8
UNIVAC and, 156, 162

Centralab, Inc., 234–5
Central processing unit (CPU), 60–1, 140
Chip. See Integrated circuits
Church, Alonzo, 144
Circuits

amplifying, 227–8
integrated (see Integrated circuits)
relay, 100–1
scaling, 113
solid, 231

Clayton, Richard, 267
Clement, Joseph, 47–8, 50–1, 53
COBOL, 217
Colossus, 146–8
Commodore, 275
Compiler

definition of, 214
FORTRAN, 215–7

Comptometer, 81–2
Computerized defense network. See SAGE computer
Computer memories. See Memory: RAM; ROM
Computers

batch processing in, 253–4
Boolean algebra and, 90, 92
branching and, 63–4
electronic discrete variable (see EDVAC)
electronic stored-program (see Mark I [Manchester])
first commercial U.S. (see UNIVAC)
first mass-produced (see IBM, specific computers, 650)
first sixteen-bit (see Whirlwind computer)
first transistorized, 230
five parts of, 65
history of (see Calculators, first mechanical)
IBM compatible, 248
integrated circuit, 245, 248, 250–1
meaning of term, 65
military financing of, 195–6
multiprocessing, 255
predecessor to modern (see Analytical Engine)
programming early, 210–15
real-time (see Whirlwind computer)
thirty-two bit (see SAGE computer)
time-sharing, 255
See also Transistors

Computing Scale Company, 174, 177
Computing Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR), 78, 173–81

change in name of, 181
firms of, 174–5
from 1914-1917, 175–8
training sales force for, 178–9

Conditional jumps, 63–4, 95
Constant differences, method of, 41–42
Control Data Corporation, 218, 220, 250, 258
CDC 7600, 250
Control Data 6600, 219

supercomputers and, 218

Counting boards, 5
Crawford, Perry, 197
Cromemco, 275
Cronkite, Walter, 163
CRT. See Cathode ray tube
CTR. See Computing Tabulating-Recording Company
Cyber 205, 221