Pantograph punch, 73–74
Pascal, Blaise
background of, 22–23
calculator and, 15, 23–30
mystic hexagram of, 22
Pensees of, 23
Pascal, Etienne, 22, 24
Pascale. See Pascaline
Pascaline, 24–30
counterfeit versions of, 28–29
patent for, 29
Patents
ENIAC and, 151–53, 220, 222–23
integrated circuit diagrams in, 242–43
rise in number of U.S., 69
Sperry-Rand, 220–223
Patterson, John, 170–73
PDP-1 computer, 256–57
PDP-8 (programmed data processor) computer, 256–58
Pender, Harold, 121, 151–52
Personal computer, 251
Altair 8800, 270–76
Apple II, 280
early development of, 266–269
first commercial, 270
IBM PC, 280–81
Mark-8, 269-70
Pertec Computer Corporation, 275–76
Pfister, Johann, 18
Phase-shift oscillator, 233, 236–37
Philco, 220, 239
Pidgen, Charles F., 75
Pilot ACE. See Automatic Computing Engine
Pinwheel calculator, 79
Planar transistors, 241–44
Plessey Company, 231
pn junctions, 226, 228
integrated circuits and, 242–43
Point-contact transistor, 228–29
Popular Electronics, 269–73, 275
Powers, James, 175–77, 182
Printing molds, 59
Probability theory, 23
Processing. See Batch processing; Distributed processing; Multiprocessing
Processor Technology, 275
Program-controlled calculators. See Analytical Engine; ENIAC; Mark I (Harvard); Zuse’s calculators
Programmed Data Processor. See PDP-1 computer
Programming
early computer, 210–15
ENIAC, 128, 130
Programming languages, high-level, 211
Programs
analytical engine, 63–64
first concepts of stored, 133–36
Project PX. See ENIAC
Project Tinkertoy, 232–33
Prudential Insurance Company, 68. 161
Punch cards
early machine, 63–64
Hollerith’s tabulation system and, 72–74