Computer: a history of the information machine

by Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray

  1. When Computers were People (first chapter of Part I: Before the Computer), 3
    1. Logarithms and Mathematical Tables, 3
    2. Charles Babbage and Table Making, 4
    3. Clearing Houses and Telegraphs, 9
    4. Herman Hollerith and the 1890 Census, 14
    5. America’s Love Affair with Office Machinery, 19
  2. The Mechanical Office, 23
    1. The Typewriter, 24
    2. The Rands, 27
    3. The First Adding Machines, 29
    4. The National Cash Register Company, 32
    5. Thomas Watson and the Founding of IBM, 36
  3. Babbage’s Dream Comes True, 45
    1. The Tide Predictor and Other Analog Computing Machines, 51
    2. A Weather-Forecast Factory, 54
    3. Scientific Computing Service, 57
    4. The Harvard Mark I, 59
  4. Inventing the Computer (first chapter of Part II: Creating the Computer), 69
    1. The Moore School, 70
    2. The Atanasoff-Berry Computer, 73
      1. Eckert and Mauchly, 74
    3. ENIAC and EDVAC: The Stored-Program Concept, 76
      1. The Moore School Lectures, 86
    4. Maurice Wilks and EDSAC, 87
  5. The Computer Becomes a Business Machine, 93
    1. “More than Optimistic”: UNIVAC and BINAC, 95
    2. IBM: Evolution, Not Revolution, 99
    3. UNIVAC comes to life, 104
    4. IBM’s Big Push, 109
    5. The Computer Race, 113
  6. The Maturing of the Mainframe: The Rise and Fall of IBM, 117
    1. The Breakthrough Model 1401, 117
    2. IBM and the Seven Dwarves, 120
    3. Revolution, Not Evolution: System/360, 122
    4. The Dwarves Fight Back, 129
    5. The Future System, 132
    6. The Decline of the IBM Empire, 134
  7. Real Time: Reaping the Whirlwind (first chapter of Part III: Innovation and Expansion), 141
    1. Jay Forrester and Project Whirlwind, 141
    2. The SAGE Defense System, 148
    3. SABRE: A Revolution in Airline Reservations, 152
    4. The Universal Product Code, 158
  8. Software, 163
    1. A Subroutine Library, 165
    2. Programming Languages: FORTRAN and COBOL, 168
    3. Software Contractors, 173
    4. The Software Crisis, 176
    5. Software Engineering, 180
    6. Software Products, 182
  9. New Modes of Computing, 185
    1. The Compatible Time-Sharing System, 186
    2. BASIC, 187
    3. J.C.R. Licklider and the Advanced Research Projects Agency, 189
    4. Computer Utility, 193
    5. UNIX, 196
    6. Minicomputers, 198
    7. West Coast Microelectronics, 202
  10. The Shaping of the Personal Computer (first chapter of Part IV: Getting Personal), 207
    1. Radio Days, 207
    2. Microprocessors, 209
    3. Computer Hobbyists and “Computer Liberation”, 211
    4. The Altair 8800 and Bill Gates, 213
    5. The Rise of Apple Computer, 217
    6. VisiCalc, 220
    7. The Reemergence of IBM, 225
  11. Broadening the Appeal, 231
    1. The Maturing of the Personal-Computer Software Industry, 231
    2. Graphical User Interface, 235
    3. Steve Jobs and the Macintosh, 240
    4. Microsoft’s Windows, 243
    5. CD-ROMs and Encyclopedias, 247
    6. Consumer Networks, 249
  12. From the World Brain to the World Wide Web, 255
    1. From the Encyclopedia to the Memex, 255
    2. The ARPANET, 259
    3. The Popularity of E-mail, 264
    4. The World Wide Web, 267
    5. Paradigm Shift, 271
    6. Dot Commerce, 274
APA Citation: Campbell-Kelly, M., Aspray, W., History E-Book Project., & American Council of Learned Societies. (2004). Computer: A history of the information machine (2nd ed.). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.